Vitreoretinal Care ^{Vitreoretinal Care}

Vitreoretinal Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation

• Comprehensive retinal history and clinical examination

• Dilated fundus examination with slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy

• Wide-field fundus photography for peripheral retinal documentation

• Optical coherence tomography for detailed retinal layer and macular structure analysis

• OCT angiography for non-invasive retinal and choroidal vascular mapping

• Fluorescein angiography for retinal vascular leakage and neovascularisation assessment

• Indocyanine green angiography for choroidal circulation evaluation

• Ultrasound B-scan for posterior segment assessment in vitreous haemorrhage and media opacity

• Fundus autofluorescence for retinal pigment epithelium health assessment

• Visual field testing for retinal function and disease progression monitoring

Retinal Detachment Surgery

• Emergency retinal detachment assessment and same-day surgical intervention when indicated

• Pars plana vitrectomy for complex and posterior retinal detachments

• Scleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

• Combined vitrectomy and scleral buckling for complex detachments

• Pneumatic retinopexy for selected superior retinal detachments

• Silicone oil and gas tamponade for complex retinal detachment management

• Giant retinal tear management and surgical repair

• Proliferative vitreoretinopathy evaluation and surgical management

• Post-operative positioning guidance and tamponade monitoring

Diabetic Eye Disease Management

• Comprehensive diabetic retinopathy evaluation and severity grading

• Laser photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and focal macular laser

• Intravitreal anti-VEGF injection for diabetic macular oedema

• Intravitreal corticosteroid therapy for refractory diabetic macular oedema

• Vitrectomy for tractional retinal detachment and vitreous haemorrhage in diabetes

• Combined vitrectomy and endolaser for advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy

• Long-term diabetic retinopathy surveillance and screening programme

• Coordination with endocrinology for systemic diabetic disease management

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Management

• Dry AMD evaluation and monitoring including drusen characterisation and autofluorescence

• Geographic atrophy surveillance and emerging therapy monitoring

• Neovascular AMD diagnosis using OCT and fluorescein angiography

• Intravitreal anti-VEGF injection therapy for neovascular AMD

• Treat and extend anti-VEGF protocol for optimal treatment frequency

• Photodynamic therapy for selected AMD subtypes

• Long-term AMD monitoring and visual rehabilitation coordination

• Low vision rehabilitation referral for patients with significant AMD visual impairment

Intravitreal Injection Therapy Programme

• Anti-VEGF therapy including ranibizumab, bevacizumab and aflibercept

• Faricimab and high-dose aflibercept for extended treatment intervals

• Intravitreal corticosteroid including triamcinolone and dexamethasone implant

• Intravitreal antibiotics for infectious endophthalmitis management

• Structured intravitreal injection programme with dedicated injection suite

• Pre-injection assessment and post-injection monitoring protocols

• Patient education and treatment monitoring support throughout injection programme

Macular Disease Management

• Macular hole evaluation, staging and vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling

• Epiretinal membrane assessment and vitrectomy for visual rehabilitation

• Vitreomacular traction evaluation and surgical or pharmacological management

• Central serous chorioretinopathy evaluation and management

• Myopic maculopathy evaluation and treatment

• Radiation maculopathy assessment and management

• Macular oedema management from all causes including uveitis and vascular occlusion

Retinal Vascular Disease

• Central and branch retinal vein occlusion evaluation and management

• Intravitreal anti-VEGF and corticosteroid for vascular occlusion macular oedema

• Central and branch retinal artery occlusion emergency evaluation and management

• Ocular ischaemic syndrome assessment and cardiovascular risk coordination

• Retinal arterial macroaneurysm evaluation and treatment

• Radiation retinopathy assessment and intravitreal therapy

• Coordination with cardiology and neurology for systemic vascular disease management

Vitreous Disease Management

• Vitreous haemorrhage evaluation and management including observation and vitrectomy

• Posterior vitreous detachment assessment and retinal tear screening

• Asteroid hyalosis and vitreous opacification evaluation

• Vitreous biopsy for diagnostic evaluation of lymphoma and uveitis

• Persistent floaters evaluation and management

Uveitis and Inflammatory Retinal Disease

• Posterior uveitis evaluation and systemic inflammatory workup

• Intravitreal and systemic corticosteroid for inflammatory macular oedema

• Sustained-release intravitreal corticosteroid implant for chronic uveitis

• Vitrectomy for uveitic complications including vitreous opacification and tractional changes

• Coordination with rheumatology and systemic medicine for underlying inflammatory disease

Retinopathy of Prematurity Management

• Structured ROP screening programme for all eligible premature babies

• Laser photocoagulation for threshold and type 1 pre-threshold ROP

• Anti-VEGF intravitreal injection for aggressive posterior ROP

• Vitreoretinal surgery for Stage 4 and Stage 5 tractional retinal detachment

• Long-term ROP graduate visual and refractive surveillance

• Coordination with neonatology and paediatric ophthalmology

Inherited Retinal Disease Management

• Retinitis pigmentosa evaluation, genetic counselling and visual rehabilitation

• Stargardt disease and juvenile macular dystrophy assessment and monitoring

• Choroideraemia and other choroidal dystrophy evaluation

• Electrophysiology including ERG and VEP for inherited retinal disease diagnosis

• Emerging gene therapy eligibility assessment for selected inherited retinal conditions

• Low vision rehabilitation referral and long-term surveillance

Ocular Trauma and Posterior Segment Injury

• Posterior segment trauma evaluation and emergency vitreoretinal surgical intervention

• Intraocular foreign body detection and surgical removal

• Traumatic vitreous haemorrhage management and vitrectomy

• Traumatic retinal detachment evaluation and surgical repair

• Sympathetic ophthalmia risk assessment and management following penetrating injury